Japanese Castles

Japanese castles, or shiro 城, are among the most iconic symbols of Japan’s feudal era, reflecting a fascinating blend of military necessity, political power, and cultural sophistication. Their evolution spans several centuries, mirroring the country’s turbulent history and shifting priorities from defense to governance and aesthetic grandeur. There are castles all over Japan to visit with rich history and cultural insights. One one the closest castles to Tokyo is Odawara Castle which was the location for one of the most important battles in Japanese history.

The Evolution of Japanese Castles

Early Fortifications Pre-Heian Period Before 1185

The earliest Japanese fortifications were rudimentary wooden and earthen constructions used by local tribes to defend against invaders or rival clans. These fortresses were simple and utilitarian, lacking the architectural sophistication of later castles.

Yamashiro "Mountain Castles"

During the Heian Period and into the Sengoku Period castles became more elaborate and were often built atop mountains for strategic defense. These yamashiro used natural terrain to thwart enemies, with winding paths, moats, and wooden watchtowers. However, their remote locations limited their use for governance or administration.

Plains Castles and the Rise of Daimyo Power

With the rise of powerful daimyo (feudal lords) during the Warring States Period, the need for more accessible and multifunctional fortresses grew. Hirajiro, or plains castles, were constructed on flat land or low hills, surrounded by intricate moats and walls. These castles served as both military bases and administrative hubs, housing daimyo, samurai retainers, and townspeople.

Golden Age of Castles (Azuchi-Momoyama Period)

The Azuchi-Momoyama Period 1568 – 1600, led by unifiers like Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, marked the height of castle construction. Nobunaga’s Azuchi Castle was a groundbreaking structure, combining military utility with grandiose aesthetics, including multi-story towers (tenshu) and decorative elements symbolizing power and prestige.
Hideyoshi followed suit, constructing Osaka Castle, a massive stronghold designed to consolidate his rule and showcase his authority.

Edo Period and the Decline of Castle Warfare

After the Tokugawa shogunate established peace during the Edo Period 1603 – 1868, castles shifted from military fortifications to symbols of political power and administrative centers. Many castles were rebuilt or expanded, incorporating elaborate gardens, cultural spaces, and residences for samurai families. However, strict regulations limited new castle construction.

Modern Decline and Preservation Efforts

Following the Meiji Restoration 1868, many castles were demolished or repurposed to erase feudal symbols. Some were converted into military bases or government offices, while others fell into ruin. Fortunately, preservation efforts in the 20th century restored many of these historic landmarks, allowing them to become cultural treasures and popular tourist attractions.

Japanese castles are more than relics of a romanticized time in Japanese history. Japanese castles are vivid storytellers of Japan’s feudal history, technological advancements, and cultural evolution. From the mountainous strongholds of the Warring States Period to the majestic castles of the Edo Period, each castle offers unique insights into the past. Every castle has a story to tell and walking in the footsteps of past samurai, daimyo, and historical figures is a wonderful way to experience Japan.

Whether you’re a history enthusiast, an architecture aficionado, or simply a traveler looking to explore Japan’s cultural heritage, these castles promise unforgettable experiences. Take the time to visit these top 10 castles (or any other) and immerse yourself in the legacy of Japan’s samurai age.

Best Castles to Visit in Japan

Himeji Castle (Hyogo)
Known as the White Heron Castle, Himeji is Japan’s most famous and best-preserved castle. Its elegant, white-plastered walls and intricate defensive systems make it a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a masterpiece of Japanese architecture.
Matsumoto Castle (Nagano)
Nicknamed the Crow Castle due to its black exterior, Matsumoto Castle is one of Japan’s oldest surviving five-tiered structures. Its stunning reflection in the surrounding moat makes it a photographer’s dream.
Osaka Castle (Osaka)
Built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Osaka Castle played a pivotal role during Japan’s unification. While its interior has been modernized into a museum, its majestic exterior and sprawling park make it a must-visit.
Nagoya Castle (Aichi)
Famous for its golden shachihoko (mythical fish-shaped ornaments), Nagoya Castle symbolizes the wealth and power of the Tokugawa clan. Reconstruction efforts have meticulously restored its historical appearance.
Odawara Castle (Kanagawa)
The closest castle to Tokyo. The Siege of Odawara by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu was the beginning of the end of the Warring States period of Japanese history. A good mix of museum, ninja lore, castle grounds, and enjoyable city. Easily accessible and many things to do in the area.
Nijo Castle (Kyoto)
Built by Tokugawa Ieyasu, Nijo Castle is a flatland castle known for its opulent interiors, including nightingale floors that chirp when stepped on to deter intruders. Its gardens are particularly beautiful during cherry blossom season.
Kumamoto Castle (Kumamoto)
A formidable fortress with imposing stone walls and a complex layout, Kumamoto Castle is a testament to the ingenuity of samurai-era engineering. Although damaged by earthquakes in 2016, restoration efforts are ongoing.
Shuri Castle (Okinawa)
The former royal palace of the Ryukyu Kingdom, Shuri Castle blends Japanese and Chinese architectural influences. Though it was destroyed by fire in 2019, reconstruction efforts continue, preserving its cultural significance.
Inuyama Castle (Aichi)
One of Japan’s oldest castles, Inuyama features an original tenshu from the 16th century. Perched on a hill overlooking the Kiso River, it offers breathtaking views and a sense of historical authenticity.
Okayama Castle (Okayama)
Known as the Crow Castle for its black exterior, Okayama Castle is a striking contrast to nearby Korakuen Garden, one of Japan’s most beautiful landscape gardens